The One Question Every Director Should Ask Their CFO

In the boardroom, financial reports can be dense, technical, and—let’s be honest—a little intimidating for non-finance professionals. Directors and senior executives are expected to oversee financial governance, yet many don’t have a deep financial background.

So how can you ensure you’re fulfilling your duty without getting lost in the numbers?

Ask this one simple question:

“Is there anything else I need to know?”

This question is deceptively powerful. It shifts the burden of disclosure onto the CFO or finance team, ensuring that important details—especially those not immediately obvious in a standard financial report—come to light.

Why This Question Works

Many directors focus on reviewing the financial statements—profit and loss, balance sheet, and cash flow statements. But numbers only tell part of the story. Critical risks or warning signs are often buried in assumptions, trends, or discretionary accounting treatments.

By asking, “Is there anything else I need to know?” you:

  • Encourage full disclosure – Sometimes, finance teams assume directors don’t need to know certain details. This question removes that assumption.
  • Identify early warning signs – It’s not always the numbers that matter, but the trends behind them.
  • Shift the CFO’s mindset – Instead of just presenting numbers, they start thinking about financial oversight from your perspective.
  • Signal due diligence – It shows you take governance seriously and won’t settle for surface-level reporting.

What This Question Might Reveal

A CFO’s response can give you critical insights beyond the financial statements, including:

  1. Cash Flow Pressure – “We’re seeing some delays in customer payments, but nothing too concerning yet.” (Translation: Watch for liquidity issues.)
  2. Budget Blowouts – “Costs in certain areas are tracking above budget, but we have contingencies.” (Translation: Expect a request for more funding.)
  3. Operational Challenges – “Revenue is holding steady, but churn is up.” (Translation: The business model may be under strain.)
  4. Pending Liabilities – “We’re in discussions about a legal claim, but it’s not in the financials yet.” (Translation: There could be a financial impact soon.)
  5. Accounting Treatments – “We had to make an adjustment in this quarter that won’t be repeated.” (Translation: Watch for artificial smoothing of results.)

How to Use This Question Effectively

Simply asking the question isn’t enough—you also need to:

  • Pay attention to hesitation – If your CFO struggles to answer, it could mean there’s something they’d rather not disclose.
  • Follow up – If they mention something vague, probe further: “Tell me more about that.”
  • Encourage a culture of transparency – The more often you ask, the more likely your CFO will preemptively bring issues to your attention.

A Real-World Example

At a small advertising agency, the principal would regularly review sales projections. Each month, the revenue target included rolled-over sales that hadn’t materialized from the previous month. The problem? Those sales weren’t secured—they were wishful thinking. If a director had simply asked, “Is there anything else I need to know?” they might have uncovered the real issue: a consistently unrealistic sales forecast that could have led to cash flow problems.

Bringing It All Together

Financial governance isn’t about micromanaging your CFO or becoming a finance expert overnight. It’s about asking the right questions that lead to better oversight.

So next time you’re in a board meeting or reviewing financials, don’t just accept the numbers at face value. Ask:

“Is there anything else I need to know?”

It could be the one question that saves your organisation from a financial blind spot.

How to Spot Red Flags in Financial Statements—Even If You’re Not a Finance Expert

Understanding financial statements can feel overwhelming if you’re not a finance professional, but knowing how to spot red flags is essential—especially if you’re an investor, business owner, or just someone looking to protect their money. Fortunately, you don’t need a degree in accounting to identify potential warning signs. By focusing on a few key areas, you can quickly assess whether a company’s financial health is as solid as it seems.

1. Inconsistent Revenue Trends

Revenue should follow a logical pattern based on the company’s industry and market conditions. If you notice sharp fluctuations without a clear reason, such as seasonality or a major event, it could signal manipulation or unreliable earnings. Look for:

  • Unusual spikes or dips not explained in the financial statements.
  • Inconsistent revenue recognition (e.g., recognizing revenue before delivering products or services).
  • A sudden surge in revenue near the end of a reporting period, which could indicate aggressive accounting practices.

2. Unexplained Expenses and Rising Costs

Pay close attention to expenses, especially if they are growing disproportionately to revenue. Red flags include:

  • High administrative costs that don’t match the company’s size.
  • Unexplained one-time charges that appear frequently.
  • Sudden changes in depreciation methods, which could be used to manipulate earnings.

3. Declining or Negative Cash Flow

Profit on paper doesn’t always translate to actual cash in the bank. A company may report profits but struggle with cash flow. Look for:

  • Operating cash flow that is consistently lower than net income, which could indicate accounting gimmicks.
  • Frequent reliance on financing (debt or issuing stock) to cover expenses.
  • Delays in accounts receivable payments, suggesting customers are struggling to pay.

4. Unusual Debt Levels

While debt is normal for businesses, excessive or rapidly increasing debt can be a warning sign. Check for:

  • A rising debt-to-equity ratio, indicating the company is relying too much on borrowed money.
  • Short-term debt that keeps rolling over, which may signal liquidity issues.
  • Interest payments consuming a large portion of earnings, reducing profitability.

5. Frequent Restatements of Financials

Companies occasionally revise financial statements due to errors or changes in accounting policies. However, frequent restatements can indicate poor financial controls or even fraud. Watch for:

  • Revisions that significantly change past earnings reports.
  • A history of accounting errors or regulatory investigations.
  • Discrepancies between reported earnings and tax filings.

6. Growing Inventory or Accounts Receivable

A company’s inventory and accounts receivable should align with its revenue growth. Red flags include:

  • A sharp rise in inventory without a corresponding increase in sales, possibly indicating overproduction or unsold stock.
  • Accounts receivable growing faster than revenue, which could mean the company is struggling to collect payments.

7. Opaque or Vague Disclosures

A company’s financial statements should be transparent and provide clear explanations for any major changes. Be wary of:

  • Overly complex language or missing key details in footnotes.
  • Frequent changes in accounting methods without clear justification.
  • Large off-balance-sheet liabilities, such as undisclosed leases or pension obligations.

8. Management Red Flags

Sometimes, the biggest warning signs come from leadership behavior rather than the numbers themselves. Look for:

  • Executives selling large amounts of stock, which could indicate a lack of confidence in the company’s future.
  • High turnover in the finance or executive team.
  • Legal or regulatory issues involving key personnel.

Final Thoughts

You don’t need to be a finance expert to spot potential red flags in financial statements. By focusing on revenue consistency, expense trends, cash flow, debt levels, and management behavior, you can get a clearer picture of a company’s financial health. If something looks off, don’t ignore it—dig deeper, consult a professional, or consider it a sign to proceed with caution. In the world of finance, being proactive is always better than being caught off guard.

The Bankruptcy Predictor: How the Altman Z-Score Could Save Your Business

In today’s competitive business world, financial stability is crucial for long-term success. Many businesses fail due to financial distress that could have been anticipated and prevented with the right tools. One such tool is the Altman Z-Score, a powerful metric that predicts the likelihood of bankruptcy. Developed by economist Edward Altman in 1968, this formula has become a widely used financial indicator among business owners, investors, and analysts. Understanding the Altman Z-Score can help you take proactive steps to safeguard your company’s future.

1️⃣ What is the Altman Z-Score?

The Altman Z-Score is a formula designed to assess a company’s financial health by analyzing key financial ratios. It measures a company’s ability to withstand financial distress by evaluating profitability, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency.

The standard Altman Z-Score formula for publicly traded manufacturing companies is:

Where:

  • X₁ = Working Capital / Total Assets (Liquidity)
  • X₂ = Retained Earnings / Total Assets (Profitability over time)
  • X₃ = EBIT / Total Assets (Earnings strength)
  • X₄ = Market Value of Equity / Total Liabilities (Leverage)
  • X₅ = Sales / Total Assets (Asset efficiency)

Different variations of this formula exist for private companies and non-manufacturing firms, making it a versatile tool across industries.

2️⃣ How the Z-Score Works

The Altman Z-Score categorizes businesses into three financial zones:

  • Safe Zone (Z > 2.99): The company is financially stable and has a low risk of bankruptcy.
  • Grey Zone (1.81 < Z < 2.99): The company is in a moderate risk category and requires financial improvements.
  • Distress Zone (Z < 1.81): The company is at high risk of bankruptcy and immediate corrective actions are needed.

By calculating and monitoring your Z-Score, you can identify early warning signs of financial trouble and take proactive measures to improve stability.

3️⃣ Why It Matters for Your Business

The Altman Z-Score serves as a financial early warning system, helping business owners and investors make informed decisions. Here’s why it matters:

  • Early Bankruptcy Detection: The Z-Score provides an objective measure of financial risk, allowing companies to address problems before they become critical.
  • Investor Confidence: A strong Z-Score can enhance investor and creditor confidence, making it easier to secure funding.
  • Better Financial Planning: Businesses can use the Z-Score to monitor their financial health and implement necessary changes to maintain stability.
  • Competitive Advantage: Companies that manage financial risk effectively have a strategic advantage over competitors who fail to monitor their financial indicators.

4️⃣ How to Calculate & Interpret Your Score

To calculate your company’s Altman Z-Score, you need accurate financial data from your balance sheet and income statement. Follow these steps:

  1. Gather Data: Extract the relevant financial figures (working capital, retained earnings, EBIT, market value of equity, total liabilities, sales, and total assets).
  2. Apply the Formula: Plug the values into the Z-Score equation.
  3. Interpret the Results: Compare your score with the benchmark categories (Safe, Grey, or Distress Zone).
  4. Take Action: If your company falls into the Grey or Distress Zone, develop strategies to improve financial stability.

5️⃣ Proactive Steps to Improve Your Score

If your business has a low Altman Z-Score, don’t panic. There are several steps you can take to strengthen your financial position:

  • Improve Liquidity: Maintain a healthy level of working capital by managing cash flow effectively and reducing unnecessary expenses.
  • Enhance Profitability: Focus on increasing revenue streams and reducing operational inefficiencies.
  • Optimize Debt Management: Lower excessive liabilities by restructuring debt and negotiating better loan terms.
  • Boost Asset Utilization: Ensure that company assets are being used efficiently to generate sales and income.
  • Monitor Financial Performance Regularly: Keep track of your Z-Score over time and adjust your business strategies accordingly.

Conclusion

The Altman Z-Score is a powerful tool that can help businesses predict financial distress before it’s too late. By understanding and applying this financial metric, you can protect your company from unexpected bankruptcy, secure investor confidence, and develop a more sustainable business strategy. Whether you’re a startup, a growing business, or an established company, regularly monitoring your Altman Z-Score can provide valuable insights and help ensure long-term success.

Start tracking your Z-Score today—it could be the key to saving your business!

Superannuation is becoming one of Australia’s biggest exports

When we travel overseas, we regularly find ourselves taking note and appreciating those subtle reminders of home.

Strolling past an RM Williams store in London, coming across our renowned surf or health brands in retail outlets, a famous Australian on the world sporting stage, or familiar brands of food and wine products in supermarkets.

Yet, there’s one major Australian export that is increasingly everywhere, but goes almost unnoticed, and that’s your super savings.

But make no mistake, as your super fund scours the world looking for opportunities to grow your retirement savings: it’s also strengthening not only Australia’s economic and diplomatic ties, but shoring up our growing influence on the international financial landscape as well.

While much of this flows into financial markets with investment in companies, it’s also being invested into ‘real’ assets.

So next time you find yourself in an airport in Vienna or Manchester, driving on a toll road in Italy, the USA or France, using the high-speed internet in regional Germany or spellbound by the magic of AI in the US, home might be closer than first thought. Indeed, there’s a pretty good chance you might even own a piece of these assets yourselves.

That’s the power of super – it gives working people a chance to gain exposure to multi-billion-dollar infrastructure investments that would otherwise not be possible. It lets hardworking Australians invest and own assets as though they’re the wealthiest people in the world.

This is a trend that will only continue as the Australian superannuation system expands – so much so, that capital itself will, in fact, become one of Australia’s most important exports. For a country renowned for its exports, that’s no mean feat.

The numbers speak for themselves – and they’re getting bigger and bigger. As of September, this year, the total pool of Aussies’ retirement savings is $4.1 trillion, or around 149 per cent of GDP – one of the largest pools of retirement capital in the world as a percentage of GDP.

By 2040, this pool of capital is expected to reach around $11 trillion or 193 per cent. Of this, the ‘institutional’ funds (industry, retail and government) account for $2.8 trillion currently, and this is expected to get to just over $8 trillion.

This capital is truly going global.

Institutional funds currently have around $1.2 trillion in offshore investments – or around 46 per cent of their invested assets.

If this proportion holds, the current quantum will need to treble to around $3.6 trillion invested overseas by 2040.

It is likely that this asset allocation will edge upwards somewhat as the Australian economy and the investment opportunities it presents simply won’t grow fast enough to absorb this. To put this task in context, the additional $2.4 trillion that will flow offshore is around 63 per cent of the just under $4 trillion Australia invests in total in overseas assets currently.

Where will it all go? Australian capital will clearly go to all corners of the globe, diversifying across global financial markets and real assets.

Alex Joiner AFR 22-Jan-25